Simulation

INSTRUCTIONAL SIMULATION

- It is a replica of things and event that have been captured in a form that can be  represented to learner and with which a learner can interact.

 Characteristics Of Instructional Simulation.

1.     environment:

2.      system that operate within those environments

3.     expert performance acting  on those system(develop power thinking)

4.     engage learner in interaction: here accepts the input through learner respond.

5.     react to input using non-linear:respond to input by examining the changes in their own internal states.they can perform in any type of user- selected order

6.     their design reflects intended instructional function.

Purpose

• Motivate and realistic.
• It is learner centered.
• Enhance cooperation among peers(peer learning).
• Develops higher cognitive skills of all types.
• Promotes psycho motor skills.
• Enhance the development of values and attitudes in children.

Principles:

1.     Give through instruction: ensure that students get the procedure before doing any activity

2.     Expect questions.

3.     achieved the target that you have set.

Procedure

• Establish objectives: before choosing exercise set objectives of your activity.
• Decide what type of exercise you want to give whether games or role play.
• Choose specific exercise.

Advantages of Instructional Simulation;

• Enjoying and inseparable activity.
•  Elements of reality is friendly with principles of constructivism.
• Promote critical thinking.
•  Engage students effectively
• Reach

Disadvantages:

• Sometimes when students does not concentrate teacher tend to lose control in  the class.
•  If teacher  have no idea about technology then its difficult to teach.
• Costing and preparedness in context.

Field Trip Learning

Field Trip Learning.

- It was introduced in 1827 by George Shillibeer for a Quaker school at Abney Park in Stoke Newington, London, United Kingdom.

- Field trip is defined as a course-related activity that serves educational purposes and occurs outside of the classroom at a location other than on the campus at which the course is regularly taught.

- A field learning is designed to achieve certain objectives, which cannot be achieved as well by using other means.
For example: If the lesson is on “planting rice in paddy field” if there is no hand on experience it is very difficult to achieve the objectives. In such a lesson this strategy is required. Field learning give opportunity for a student’s to get out of the classroom and experience something new. The located place for field trip can be zoos, collages, museums, theater and schools.

Features.

1. Facilitate the learning of abstract concepts. 

2. Motivate students through increased interest and curiosity.

3. Increases student-student and student-teacher social interaction.

4. Develops social awareness.

5. Facilitate the learning of abstract concepts. Taking students on a field trip makes learning more effective as they will be able to gain vast ideas on the topic.

6. Motivate students through increased interest and curiosity. Field learning can add variety to the regular classroom instructional program and they tend to be special and enjoyable learning experiences. As a result, students will develop positive attitudes in students toward related classroom activities.

7. Increases student-student and student-teacher social interaction. Field learning provide an opportunity to involve students, parents, and the teachers in the instructional program.

8. Develops social awareness. Field learning make students aware of learning activities in everyday life. For instance, visits to supermarkets or shopping malls are typical field experiences, which teachers may fail to notice. A well-organized trip to a "normal" place is an excellent method of teaching students to observe, ask questions, and learn in the large classroom. 

Types.

Instructional learning

An instructional learning is a visit by a class or group of classes to a location outside the regular classroom, which is designed to allow the students to achieve specific course objectives, which cannot be achieved as efficiently by other means.  An example of an instructional field trip is a visit to botanical garden to study about different kind of flower.

School contests or festivals.

A school contest is an extra campus activity, which provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate knowledge and skills developed through subject area instruction. Contests, competitions, festivals, or evaluations may involve teams of students from more than one class or subject.  An example of a school contest, festival, or evaluation is the school level essay competition. 

Motivational learning trips.

A motivational trip is an extra-campus activity, which is not a part of a scheduled class. It provides a motivational incentive for the school, club, group, or class and is related to improving the school climate. The procedures in this guide are for instructional field learning. If you are planning a motivational trip, please note that this requires approval from the General Area Director.

An example of a motivational trip is an end of year visit to Buddha point by a student body. First a teacher must choose the kind of trip to take and then decide on a general location for the trip.

PURPOSES OF FIELD LEARNING STRATEGY;

• Hand on Experiences.
• Cooperative learning.
• Explore   new   environment.
• Building background knowledge.
• Anticipation.
• Facing the real world.

The Principles.

1) An atmosphere of intellectual excitement.

2) An intensive research and knowledge transfer culture permeating all teaching and learning activities.

3) A vibrant and embracing social context.

4) An interactive and culturally diverse learning environment.

5) Explicit concern and support for individual development.

6) Learning cycles of experimentation, feedback and assessment.

Procedural steps;

BEFORE THE TRIP;

• Identify objectives and plan of evaluation for the field learning.
• Select site to be visited and arrange date and time.
• Conduct pre-visit to familiarize yourself with the major features of the field: to find out is it educational, contact person and mobile numbers.

LOGISTICS PLANNING;

• Apply for administrative approval and file requisition for transportation.
• Decide how to assign their learning during the trip and develop schedule list for the day
• Arrange special equipments like cameras and collect money for admission fees if the site demands.
• Inform parents about the trips and take sign concern from the parents.
• Create a list of student names, phone number and name for emergency contact and fist Aid box.

                                                                                    

FIELD TRIP PREPARATION/PER-TRIP DISCUSSION;

• Discuss the purpose of the field trip.
• Show photographs or posters of the site.
•  Set a standard conduct and discuss money usage, lunch plans, dress code and other necessary things.
•  Discuss what observations to be done and how to gather information.
• Overview the field trip schedule.
• Check all the permission slips the day before the trip.

DURING THE TRIP-THE FIELD TRIP; 

• Tell them do’s and don's of the trip.
• Count the number of students.
• Check equipments
• Tell them help each other if they need.
• Let students to work in pairs or in a small group.

Do’s and don’ts of the trip;

Do’s:

1. Let children always be in groups.
2. Tell them to co-operate well in the public.
3. Good behavior on transport.

Don’s:

1. Don’t let them wonder.
2. Walking, no running
3. Don’t let them misbehave.

AFTER THE TRIP-POST FIELD TRIP;

Let student to share their observations and reactions to field trip experiences.

Create classroom bullet in board displaying materials collected while on field trip.

 Let class to compose thank-you letter to those who helped during the field trip and to person who took you for the trip.

EVALUATING THE FIELD TRIP;

• What was the unique educational value in this trip?
• Did students meet the objectives?
•  Was there adequate time?
• Was there adequate staff and adult supervision?
• What might be done differently to be better?
•  What points to be emphasized next time?
•  What problems should be addressed in the future?

Advantages;

Better Grades and Understanding
field trips can result in greater achievement in all subjects. By seeing real-life application of the lessons that they are learning in school, children might be more likely to understand and appreciate the importance and relevance of what they are learning.

Exposure to new things.
Children learn about different professions, ideas and opportunities when they travel outside their own neighborhoods. A field trip can awaken the desire in a child to try new things and pursue previously unconsidered dreams.

New learning environment. 
Field trips also allow the students to learn outside of the classroom. It offer the opportunity to teach the students something new.

Real life experience/Hands-on learning.
One of the biggest advantages to field trips is that they allow students to have a real-world experience School trips are typically designed to support a student's classroom learning experience. A school trip is an ideal place to allow the student to see real-life applications of academic lessons. . Moreover, some field trips integrate actual assignments for students to investigate during the trip.

 Team building

Many field trips combine educational content with team-building activities, such as working together to clean a stream that has been polluted. In fact, it is often a good idea to go on a field trip early in the school year to help create a bond between the students

Disadvantages

Planning

A disadvantage of field trips is that they take an incredible amount of planning. Collection of consent forms and money is normally done by the teacher and adds to an already-packed to-do list. you must make sure that every child has a signed permission form.

Organization:

Many schools prohibit certain field trips due to costs, safety issues or lack of chaperones. It can prove difficult to organize a field trip and make arrangements for students who cannot afford to go, collect parental consent, budget the transportation needs and find enough parents who will supervise.

Behavior/Rules and Structure:

Students may be tempted to wander away from the group, misbehave on the bus or become loud at a museum. Kids need detailed instructions from their teachers and parents before the field trip ever starts. 

It can be challenging to control an entire classroom in new surroundings. It may be difficult for students to focus on the lesson if they are excited about spending a school day outside the classroom.

It is externally difficult to carry out especially when it requires long distance.

It may be a waste of time and resource if not well planned.

Role of a teacher:

1. To select the site
2. Teacher act as facilitators
3. To give necessary information before, during and after trip.

Role of the students:

1. Activate participation
2. Have to be a good listener
3. Should be cooperative
4. Behave properly

Role Play

ROLE PLAY.

CONCEPT OF ROLE PLAY:

WHAT IS ROLE PLAY?

-Role-play is any speaking activity when you either put yourself into somebody else’s shoes, or when you stay in your own shoes but put yourself into an imaginary situation.

Role playing is unprepared, unrehearsed dramatization. By role playing situations the participants are able to “rehearse the future.”

(WHO) FOUNDER OF ROLE PLAY?

-Physician Jacob L. Moreno (1889-1974) in Vienna.

The term "role" comes from the "rolled-up" script actors used to use over two thousand years ago in Ancient Greece.

WHY USE ROLE PLAY?

1. It’s fun and motivating.

2. Quieter students get the chance to express themselves in a more forthright way.

3. The world of the classroom is broadened to include the outside world.

4. Teaching communication skills.

5. Develop students' self-confidence, self-esteem and self-image.

6. Encourage students to take a deep approach to learning.

Principle of role-play

* The student assumes a particular personality of a different person, such as a historical character.

* According to Jones (1982), students “must   accept the duties and responsibilities of their roles and function, and do the best they can in the situation in which they find themselves.”

Roles of teacher.

* Instructor

* Provides accessories for play

* Spectator

* Feedback provider

* Let the student play the role, where the child is comfortable.

* Facilitator 

* Participant

Role of students.

* Active listener.

* Seek guidance from advisors.

* Assume responsibility for your own learning.

* Develop effective interaction with teacher.

* Evaluate and judge your own performance.

* Spectator and provides feedback.

Purpose of Role play.

1. To stimulate interest among the students.

 Children have always enjoyed learning through mimicking and duplicating the actions of others including their parents and peers.

 2. For long term retention (learning by acting).

People enjoy playing, especially young people. If the students are already motivated to play, learning through play would become even easier.

3. For cognitive learning method (critical thinking).

Role playing encourages the use of critical thinking because it involves analyzing and problem solving, therefore role play is a cognitive learning method. 

4. To help students to understand the feeling and attitudes of others.

This is by experiencing the situations rather than just hearing or reading about them.

 5. Role playing teaches many lessons.

Some of the most important lessons. It teaches the lessons that are needed in society, competition, cooperation and empathy.

6. It enhances active participation and decision making.

Participation in role play allows students to make decisions and through the feedback he or she receives, he sees the results of his action and can therefore learn how to adjust his words and actions to produce more likeable results.

7.  For the exchange of knowledge.

Role play allows for the exchange of knowledge between students. The teacher is also able to see the various capabilities of students at the same time. 

8. To develop communication skills and build confidence.

 It provides students with opportunities to develop a range of communication and social interaction skills such as listening, speaking act while they interact with others. It also allows introverted students to speak out.

9. Challenge students to question their aptitude.

Role play enables us to explore our aptitude and it enables us to experience the persons situation by putting on their shoes.

Procedural-steps in enacting the role play.

Warm up group.

 In a role play, a group has to be formed and needs to choose a situation for a role play, in which situation they are going to play and also how they are going to play. 

Select participants.

It has to select the participants for the role play individually about what role they want to take.

For example. If we play a role in situation of animals, then have to select who wants to take a role of a cow, dog, buffalo, tiger etc… 

Set the stage.

Stage needs to be prepared unlike usual ones. Moreover what need to prepare is how the individual roles are going to act and speak according to the particular role that they are taking. 

Prepare the observer.

When the role is going to play there also need to have some public watching the play. And also need to have observer or judge to observe and note down how far the role players can act and speak accordingly and also what mistakes they are committing because they need to improve next time.

Enact.

Here it is playing a role in reality according to the particular roles that the individuals took.

Discuss and evaluate.

Discuss about the positive and negative feedback’s but mainly focuses on the negative points.

 Re-enact.

After making perfections against the mistakes that they made, again they are going to enact the role- play.

Share experience and generalize.

Needs to share about what good experience that they gained after acting such a role-play. Good experiences like working in team/groups, cooperation with friends, confidence and etc… also need to convey the message to the public that, what moral they gained from the roles they took.

Advantages of Role-play Strategy.

- Student interest in the topic is raised.

- Active Participation.

- Long-term retention.

- It enhances communication and interpersonal skills.

- It can be used with individuals or in group situations.

- It teaches empathy and understanding of different perspectives. It helps individuals to - learn to accept both their own feelings and those of others.

- It develops confidence and self-efficacy.

- Provides teacher immediate feedback about the learner’s understanding and ability to apply concepts.

- It develops competence.

- It is useful for a range of topics, including interviewing, counseling skills, personal relationships, and team working.

- They require mental and physical activity e.g. gesturing to put forward a point.

- Reduces discipline problems which often arise from boredom and lack of motivation.

Disadvantages of Role-play Strategy.

 - Role play may awaken previously subdued or suppressed emotions.

- Less effective in large groups (Chaos).

- Teacher must accept her new role where she/he does not dominate the class anymore.

- Embarrassment for some students.

- Can lack focus unless well planned and monitored.

- Can be unpredictable in terms of outcomes.

- Can be time-consuming.